%%%%%%%% Sample LaTeX input for Complex Systems %%%%%%%%%%% 
%
% This is a LaTeX input file  
% Text following % on a particular line is treated as a comment, and 
% ignored by LaTeX.  
% You do not need to type any text that follows a % 
% 
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{epsf}
\usepackage{complex-systems}

% complex-systems.sty is the special macro package for Complex Systems.
% epsf.sty is the preferred graphics import method

\begin{document}

% 
% The format for a general title is slightly complicated; 
% here first is a comment giving a simple example: %
% \title{Sample Paper for Complex Systems} 
% \author{\authname{First Author}\\[2pt]
% \authadd{University Department, University Name, Address,}\\ 
% \authadd{City, State ZIP/Zone, Country}\\ 
% \authadd{and}\\
% \authadd{Group, Company, Address, City, State ZIP/Zone, Country}\\ 
% \and 
% \authname{Second Author}\\ 
% \authname{Third Author}\\ 
% \authname{Fourth Author}\\[2pt]
% \authadd{Group, Laboratory, Address, City, State ZIP/Zone, Country} 
% }
% \markboth{F. Author, S. Author, T. Author, and F. Author}
% {Sample Paper for Complex Systems}
% \maketitle 

% Here is a more complete case:

\title{Sample Paper for Complex Systems% 
% Use \\ to indicate line breaks in titles longer than about 
% 55 characters. 
% Lines throughout the title section should be broken so that 
% successive lines are progressively shorter. 
% Use \thanks for footnotes to the title. Put acknowledgments at the 
% end of the paper. 
%
\thanks{The title serves as a headline for the paper: many readers 
use it to decide whether to look at the paper. Avoid excessively 
general, technical, or cutesy titles. Questions are acceptable as 
titles. Capitalize the first letters of important words only. 
Funding and personal acknowledgments go at the end of the paper. 
Use footnotes to the title only for statements such as ``This paper 
was based on a talk given at the conference on$\ldots$'' or ``Part 1 
in this series of papers appeared in$\ldots$''}}

\author{\authname{First Author% 
\thanks{Authors are encouraged to give their first names and 
middle initials. Use footnotes to author names for statements 
such as ``Present address:$\ldots$'' or 
``Electronic mail address: author@univ.edu.'' 
Titles and positions of authors should not be given or implied. }}
\\[2pt] 
% Use \\[2pt] to end the line and add space between author and affiliation 
\authadd{University Department, University Name, Address,}\\ 
\authadd{City, State ZIP/Zone, Country}% 
\thanks{Give complete affiliation and mailing address, including 
country. Capitalize important words and proper names only. (Use 
standard two-letter abbreviations for state names.) For foreign 
addresses, give as much as possible in English. }\\ 
\authadd{and}\\ 
\authadd{Group, Company, Address, City, State ZIP/Zone, Country}\\ 
\and
% precede the second set of authors with \and.
\authname{Second Author} \\ 
\authname{Third Author}\\ 
\authname{Fourth Author}\\[2pt]
% Each author name goes on a separate line. 
\authadd{Group, Laboratory, Address, City, State ZIP/Zone, Country} 
% Put no ``.'' at the end of any address. 
}

\maketitle    
% End title section

% The following specifies the running headings 
\markboth{F. Author, S. Author, T. Author, and F. Author} 
{Sample Paper for Complex Systems} 

% Each running heading should be less than about 50 characters long. 
% If necessary, give a shortened version of the title. Do not use 
% abbreviations. 
%
% If they will fit, include complete author names; otherwise use 
% initials only. If abbreviated names do not fit, truncate the author 
% list and end with ``and others''.

\begin{abstract} 
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper, including 
its context and conclusions. Make sure that it is possible to 
understand the abstract without having read the entire paper. 
Remember that many database systems will access the paper through 
keywords from the title and abstract. If possible, use the passive 
voice in the abstract (``X is shown,'' rather than ``we show X''), 
but not if it leads to awkward sentence constructions. Try to keep 
the abstract below 150 words in length (and shorter for short 
papers). Do not have references or displayed equations in the 
abstract. 
\end{abstract}

% The text of the paper follows. It is usually easiest to put 
% everything in the same file. The file may however need to be 
% split for some computer mail systems. 
% Automatic section numbering in the LaTeX source is encouraged, 
% but is not essential.

\section{Introduction} 
\label{intro}% A tag for referring to this section (optional).

The introduction is a crucial part of a paper. It should explain 
the background and goals, and should strive to be as widely 
accessible as possible.  Jargon and abbreviations should be avoided.
References to textbooks and other basic material should be given 
\cite{a-review,text-a,text-b}. 
% \cite is used for references. The references should be collected at 
% the end of the paper in the order in which they appear in the text. 
% The tags can be any unique words; they do not have to have the form 
% given here. You might use names of first authors, or just r1, r2, and 
% so forth. 
% When several references appear together, use a single \cite macro. 
(If \LaTeX\ is not used, references should be numbered in the order 
in which they appear in the text. A space should be left before the 
brackets used to indicate a reference.) If an arbitrary choice out 
of many possible references is made, indicate it as (e.g., 
\cite{text-b}). 
\label{introtag} 
% The \label provides a tag so that this page can be referenced 
% elsewhere.

Except for very short papers, division into sections is strongly 
encouraged. The first section need not necessarily be entitled ``Introduction.''  
% Note: quotation marks should be entered as above, and not with ".
%
There may be subsections as well as sections.
The subsections may, but need not, be numbered.
% \subsection{title} is used for a numbered subsection;
% \subsection*{title} is used for an unnumbered one.
There should not be subsubsections. Only the first word and proper
names should be capitalized in section titles.

\section{Formatting systems}

Authors are encouraged to send electronic media with their submission 
or after their paper has been accepted. We have chosen \LaTeX\ as 
the primary formatting system for \textit{Complex Systems}.

\LaTeX\ is based on \TeX, which has emerged as a standard 
for formatting scientific documents. \LaTeX\ is a collection of 
definitions written in the \TeX\ language. It is described in 
\textit{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System} by Leslie Lamport
(Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994). 
These notes give some information on using 
\LaTeX. For further information, particularly on formatting equations 
and tables, refer to the book. 
Although we prefer that papers be submitted in \LaTeX\ or \TeX, we 
can also process papers that are in a variety of other formats. 
\textit{Mathematica} notebooks, for example,
are easily converted to \LaTeX.  

% Note that many computer program names are given in small caps 
% or typewriter font.

If you prepare your paper using a format other than those mentioned,
convert the file to ASCII format whenever possible.  If 
control codes and special symbols are stored by the program as text 
strings, then save them in ASCII form as well.  (For example, if 
the program stores a Greek $\alpha$ as a text string like 
$\backslash$\texttt{alpha} rather than as a control sequence 
like \^{}A.)  
Unless there are essentially no equations or 
other specially-formatted objects, papers containing commands 
for other formatting systems may have to be retyped, causing 
delays in processing.

% If you do use LaTeX, try to avoid defining your own 
% macros---they may interfere with ours.

\section{The main text}
\label{main-text}

Good English grammar is essential. Authors not fluent in English are 
strongly encouraged to have their grammar checked. American spelling 
should be used and, if possible, checked by computer. Colloquialisms 
such as ``weren't'' should never be used; nor should exclamation marks. 
\textit{Emphasized} or special text should be italicized.

% The italic type style \textit{#1} should be used.

Spell out abbreviations, at least when they are first 
used. Spell out integers under 10 unless they are used with units 
of measure (i.e., write ``two'' rather than ``2''). Italicize foreign 
language phrases, such as \textit{ad hoc}. The abbreviations ``e.g.,'' 
``i.e.,'' and ``etc.'' should not be italicized, and should be used 
only in parenthetical material; spell out ``for example,'' 
``that is,'' and ``and so forth'' (or equivalents) in regular text.

Cross-references can be made both to other sections in the paper%
\footnote
{
Footnotes should generally be avoided: points worth making 
should appear in the main text. Footnotes may give technical or 
methodological details, such as ``The simulations were run on a 
particular computer, using programs written by Some Programmer 
in the C programming language.''
} 
(e.g., section \ref{intro}), and to specific pages in the text
(e.g., page \pageref{introtag}). Authors not using \LaTeX\  must 
mark page references by hand in the master copy of their paper. The 
words ``section'' and ``page'' should be spelled out completely in 
references.

Lists of items should be preceded by a complete sentence
and may be laid out as follows.
\begin{itemize}
\item Each item will be like a separate paragraph.
\item Another item.
\end{itemize}
% Numbered lists of items are obtained with \begin{enumerate} ...
% Labels for items are obtained with  \item[\textit{label}].
% Italic type style should usually be used for labels.
If a list of items is given in the text, such as (\textit{a}) first 
item, (\textit{b}) second item, and so forth, they should be indicated 
with parenthesized letters, arabic numerals, or roman numerals
in italic type.

\section{Equations and mathematical symbols}

Consistent mathematical notation is essential to clear exposition.
Try to use familiar notation (e.g., avoid having $x$ stand for an
integer index). 

All standard mathematical symbols and notations must be formatted
in equation form, whether in-line or displayed. Even standard English
letters such as x must appear as $x$ (mathematical font) if they 
correspond to mathematical symbols.
% In LaTeX, such in-line equations are delimited by $.
%
% For a full list of TeX symbols, see the LaTeX or TeX manuals.
% Greek letters are indicated by \pi (lower case) or \Pi (upper case).
% Use \times for multiplication signs; never use X.
% x^2 indicates a superscript; x_2 a subscript.
% a^{t+1}_{i-1} shows braces used for grouping.
% \frac{numerator}{denominator} gives a built-up fraction.
% \sqrt{x} gives a square root.
% \infty is infinity; \partial a partial derivative symbol.
% \  gives a space; \, gives a small space.
% Boldface is obtained with \textbf{...}
% Roman (ordinary) font, often used for English words within equations,
% is obtained with \textrm{...} (note that spaces between words must be
% indicated explicitly).

All displayed equations should be numbered sequentially:
% This is done automatically if the correct tags are used in LaTeX. 
\begin{equation}
\label{exponential-equation}   
e^{2 \pi i} = 1.
\end{equation}
% Any label can be used to reference an equation. Usually it will 
% be a tag that relates to the content of the equation. If 
% necessary, just use e1, e2, ...
Spaces should be inserted in equations where necessary
to improve readability. Equations should be referred to as 
``equation (\ref{exponential-equation}).'' In multiple-line 
equations, the number should be given on the last line. Short 
equations may be inserted directly in the text, as in $\beta=2$. 
Equations that involve extensive subscripts, superscripts, or 
built-up objects should be displayed. Special symbols in equations 
must be strictly limited to those that can be produced with \LaTeX\
using common fonts.

If a formatting system other than \LaTeX\ or \textit{Mathematica} is used,
make sure that all symbols are very clearly identified, and that 
all subscripts and superscripts are evident. If a computer-readable 
form of the paper is to be transmitted, then write the equations 
in \LaTeX\ form if possible. If only a hardcopy version is transmitted, 
it is better to type or write equations in the standard way than to 
give a partial computer version.

\textit{Complex Systems} allows many kinds of notation. It is suggested 
that symbols or words related to actual or theoretical computers be 
indicated in \texttt{typewriter font}.
% Obtained with \texttt{...} in both ordinary text and equations.
Acronyms such as NP (as often used in computation theory) 
should be spelled out at their first use and given in capitals
thereafter.

Great care should be taken in mixing plain English, mathematics, 
and algorithm descriptions. Say, for example, ``$x$ is position''
rather than ``$x = $ position.'' Consistency must be maintained 
between different occurrences of a symbol. If $x$ is a mathematical 
symbol, make sure it appears as $x$ everywhere, not sometimes as 
x or as \texttt{x}. As a rough guide, mathematical symbols should 
appear as $x$ 
and computer symbols as \texttt{x}.

\newtheorem{ttype}{Theorem}

% The first time a particular structure such as Theorem or Lemma 
% is used, it must be declared with a newtheorem command.
% ``ttype'' is used as a tag to indicate the environment; ``Theorem'' 
% is the actual word printed as the title of the structure.
% The tag will often be related to the name of the object (e.g., ``thm'' 
% for theorem, ``defin'' for definition).
% complex-systems.sty defines the following defaults:
% \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
% \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
% \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
% \newtheorem{example}{Example}
% \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
%

\begin{ttype}
Theorems and other structured mathematical text should be used when 
it improves the presentation. They should not be a substitute for 
clear English exposition.
\end{ttype}

\begin{proof}
Proofs can continue for several paragraphs. 
They should end with a solid rectangle.
\end{proof}

\section{Figures and other displays}

Figures are an excellent mechanism for communicating many kinds 
of results. Great care should be taken to produce clear, 
well-constructed figures. When there are many related graphs or 
images, they should usually be combined into a single figure. 
(Try to use glue, not tape, if you make such composites by hand.) 

Figures should be displayed near where they are first mentioned 
in the text. (Even if you do not use \LaTeX, mark the suggested 
positions of figures.) Figures are numbered sequentially throughout 
the text. Figure~\ref{ex-fig} is an example.
\begin{figure}[b]
% The figure will actually be placed in the next available space 
% (usually at the top of the next page).
\centerline{\fbox{\vbox to 84pt{\hbox to 13pc{}}}}
% Use a space just large enough to contain a version of the figure 
% with horizontal dimension not exceeding 5.5 inches, and a 0.25 
% inch margin if the graphic is not included. 
% To leave space for full-page figures, use \vspace{8in}.
\caption
{
\label{ex-fig}
An example figure. The first sentence of a figure caption should serve
as a title for the figure. The remainder should describe the figure in
a way that does not rely on the main text of the paper. Many readers 
will look at the figures and their captions before reading the full 
text.
}
\end{figure}
%
% Note: in some versions of LaTeX, long captions may give buffer 
% overflows in the .aux file. These should not affect the resulting 
% output.
In text, refer to figures as ``Figure~\ref{ex-fig},'' for example.

If possible, send your figures in electronic form; Encapsulated PostScript
or standard PostScript are the most preferred file formats. 
Figures can also be processed in BMP, PICT, or
TIFF format, but PostScript files are generally easier to reproduce.
Simple line drawings produced using \LaTeX\ should
be included directly in the text.  Complex line drawings produced using
\LaTeX\ should be sent as separate files.

Figures sent electronically should reproduce well (i.e., without 
noticeable aliasing) on a 300 dpi printer (such as the Apple 
LaserWriter). The PostScript form for a particular figure must 
include all elements of the figure, and should not require 
modification.

In some cases original figures sent by authors will be 
reproduced digitally in \textit{Complex Systems}. It is therefore 
crucial that the original figures be of high quality. Lettering 
should be consistent in size throughout a figure, and must be no 
smaller than 9 point ($\frac{1}{8}''$ letter height) when the figure 
is at final size. If possible, lettering should be made with 
standard \LaTeX\ fonts, or with Times Roman. Lines should be thick 
enough that they do not break up under reduction (single-pixel lines 
rarely suffice). Filled black areas must not drop out.
Computer-generated halftones should 
generally be avoided; if they are used, the original output should 
be sent.

Original figures should be sent with horizontal dimensions not
exceeding 5.5 inches, and vertical dimensions not exceeding 8 inches.
Whenever possible, the figures should be oriented in the same sense 
as text (portrait mode). 

Black-and-white photographs should be sent as original prints; 
they will be reproduced using halftones. Multiple photographs 
in a single figure should be sent as a single print if possible. 

The front cover of each journal issue uses artwork from one of the
papers in the issue. Send candidate pictures separately and indicate 
them for possible use on the cover.

Computer programs or algorithm descriptions may be given either in
equations or in figures. Literal expressions that occur as computer
input or output should be given in \texttt{typewriter font}.

Tables should include captions similar to those for figures, and 
should be numbered sequentially throughout the paper. Tables should 
be enclosed in single-line boxes. Tables must usually be oriented 
with the text. They should not contain type smaller than 8 point. 

\begin{table}
\begin{center}	% to center the table on the page
\begin{tabular}{|l|rc|}
\hline
%
% | indicates a vertical line, l a left-justified column of data, 
% r a right-justified column, and c a centered column. 
% \hline places a horizontal line over the top of the table.
% & delimits columns.
%
first & second & third part 
\\  \hline
data & $\Omega$ &  \\
\textit{more} & $\Pi + 1$ & end \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption
{
A sample table. Avoid using tables for numerical data; figures
usually present such material more meaningfully. Also avoid putting 
extensive text into tables.
}
\end{table}

\section*{Acknowledgments}
% Use an un-numbered section for acknowledgments in papers with
% explicit section headings. Use additional space but no section head
% in papers without explicit section headings.

Acknowledgments should thank individuals and organizations for their
contributions to the work. All funding information should be placed
in the acknowledgments, not as a footnote on the first page.
If acknowledgments imply some endorsement of the paper (e.g.,
``We thank X for checking$\ldots$'') make sure the parties involved 
approve the statements made.

\appendix
% Begin appendix sections

\section{About the references}

Appendices should be used to give detailed or background information
related to the main text. Display equations in appendices should be 
numbered (\ref{exponential-equationA}) and so forth.
\begin{equation}
\label{exponential-equationA}   
e^{2 \pi i} = 1.
\end{equation}


References should give pointers to background material and related
work, and should record credit due to other authors. It is better to
give too many than too few references.

References are numbered sequentially throughout the text. 
% This is achieved automatically using \cite in LaTeX.
Each item should be given a separate number (except when there
are, for example, references to different pages in the same document:
these should be indicated as ``pages 3--56 in \cite{text-a}'' or 
``chapter 14 of \cite{text-b}'' in the text). 



\textit{Full titles of papers should be given}. They should be enclosed 
in quotation marks, with all important words capitalized. They should 
be followed by a comma inside the quotation marks.

To cater to a wide variety of disciplines, it is important that 
\textit{all names of journals be spelled out in full}, and italicized.
(Use \textit{Physical Review Letters}, not \textit{Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.},
and \textit{Journal of Computer and System Science}, not
\textit{J.~Comput.\ Sys.\ Sci}.)

Give volume numbers in boldface (do not write the word ``volume'' 
explicitly). Include the issue number of the volume only if the 
journal is renumbered with each issue.  If the issue number is 
necessary, place it in parentheses immediately following the volume
number, but not in bold; for example, \textbf{4}(1). Give dates in 
parentheses; include months only when necessary, spelling them 
out in full. Give starting \textit{and ending} page numbers for papers.

Author names should be given as they appear in the original papers,
with first names or initials first. (When initials are used, write 
them as I.~J.~Name, with spaces after each period.) For papers with 
many authors, the names of the first three authors should be given 
in full, followed if necessary by ``et~al.''

Titles of books (i.e., published material with ISBN numbers) 
should be italicized. Names and cities of publishers and dates 
of publication should always be given. Complete addresses should
be given for small publishers. Conference proceedings that are 
distributed through ordinary publishers should be referenced like 
books. 

Titles of proceedings and reports that are distributed in other ways 
should be given in full in the standard roman typeface. Information
on how to obtain them should be given in parentheses. Pricing 
information should not be included. 

Details of the nature of a referenced item can be given in square
brackets. Computer program names should be given in typewriter or 
small caps font.

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
% The number of 9s indicates how wide the reference 
% numbers must hang for all references to be aligned properly.

\bibitem{a-review}
% ``a-review'' is just a sample tag: use a tag that describes the 
% paper; or perhaps just use numerical tags.
First Author and Second Author, ``A Review Article,'' \textit{Full Name
of Journal}, \textbf{volume} (date) page--page.
% Use \textit{...} for italics, \textbf{...} for boldface.
% Do not explicitly use the word ``volume''
% The full year (e.g., 1991) should be used for the date.
% Use -- to get an appropiate dash between page numbers.

\bibitem{text-a}
I. J. Author, \textit{A Book} (Common Publisher, city, date).

\bibitem{text-b}
A. Author, ``A Paper,'' in \textit{A Collection}, edited by First Editor
and Second Editor (Uncommon Publisher, full address, date).

\bibitem{edbook}
A. Editor (editor), \textit{A Book} (Common Publisher, city, second 
edition, date).

\bibitem{proc}
Proceedings of a Conference, held at location on date, edited by 
A. Editor (available from Name, address).

\bibitem{report}
A. Author, ``Title of Report,'' Report Type or Series, number (date)
(available from Name, address).

\bibitem{preprint}
A. Author, ``Title of Preprint,'' Institution name, address (date if appropriate).

\bibitem{manual}
Company Name, Computer Program Reference Manual (available from Name, 
address).

\bibitem{future}
First Author, ``Future Paper,'' unpublished notes (date), (forthcoming
in \textit{Full Name of Journal}).

\bibitem{talk}
Name, ``Title,'' talk given at Location (month day, year).

\bibitem{comm}
Name, Affiliation or Address, private communication (date).

\bibitem{program}
Name, \texttt{Program Name} [computer program in specified \textsc{language} 
running on particular computer systems] (available from Organization, 
Address).
% Typewriter or small caps font may be used for computer program names.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}




