Volume 20, Number 2 (2011)

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A Short Foreword to the "2011 Interdisciplinary Symposium on Complex Systems"
Ali Sanayei

The "science of complex systems" comprises many different kinds of systems. Moreover, there is no unique definition of a "complex system" so far, so one way to show it might be by introducing the work that it is associated with it. Therefore, this is an introduction to the accepted works presented at the "2011 Interdisciplinary Symposium on Complex Systems".

The paper by O.E. Rössler introduces the concept of "cryodynamics", which can be looked at as a sister to thermodynamics demonstrated numerically. In the paper, the author also attempts to find a significant connection to cosmology. The work presented by R.L. Ricca attempts to review some of the most recent developments and results on energy-complexity relations obtained by structural complexity methods. D.L. Stein et al. review spin glasses and find a significant role for them in computer science, biology, and other fields. In addition, the authors discuss how spin glasses might lead to a kind of "new complexity".

In their work, V.J. Law et al. analyze the acoustic moment of atmospheric pressure plasma and discuss novel results. N. Miyagawa et al. formulate the decomposition rules to express the global interactions as a superposition of local interactions which cannot be decomposed further. The paper by Y.-P. Gunji et al. describes the interaction of coherent swarms in a simulation model which implements nontrivial logical gates. The paper presented by J.M. Cole investigates the construction of molecular charge-transfer algorithms to search through a representative large set of organic chemicals in order to identify compounds that have the required structural attributes to act as high-performance dyes for DSCs.

The work presented by T. Smaglichenko applies to modify the Gaussian elimination to a large set of complex seismic data, and the work presented by N.P. Bulatova attempts to correlate a spatio-temporal seismic data to the movement of the Moon relative to Earth. The paper presented by I. Zelinka et al. discusses a novel method to classify algorithms applicable to complex systems and networks. R. Dariani et al. investigate pinning control applied to moving agents associated to chaotic dynamics. R. Senkerik et al. deal with the synthesis of control laws by analytic programming (AP) applying them to the Hénon map in the chaotic mode. P. Belluomo et al. describe the structure of an interactive platform to better understand a control process, and F. Boschetti et al. attempt to find answers to two important questions: (i) what is the smallest number of components that a computational system needs in order to display genuine novelty? and (ii) can the features of such systems exhibit novel causal effects?

The paper by H. Zenil explores connections between algorithmic complexity and Turing universality by focusing on the qualitative behavior of computing systems that enables them to transmit and manipulate information. Finally, the contribution work presented by A. Sanayei investigates some recent definitions of "complex systems" and suggests a new way to define "complexity" based on "fuzzy logic".

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Robust Soldier Crab Ball Gate
Yukio-Pegio Gunji, Yuta Nishiyama, and Andrew Adamatzky

Soldier crabs Mictyris guinotae exhibit pronounced swarming behavior. Swarms of the crabs are tolerant of perturbations. In computer models and laboratory experiments we demonstrate that swarms of soldier crabs can implement logical gates when placed in a geometrically constrained environment.

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The New Science of Cryodynamics and Its Connection to Cosmology
Otto E. Rössler

A new science called cryodynamics is proposed as a physical discipline as fundamental as thermodynamics. It is based on work by Zwicky and Chandrasekhar and very recent numerical experiments on dynamical friction. It should be noted that most of the features of cryodynamics remain to be discovered yet; for instance, there is no entropy-like macroscopic function to be expected. Moreover, the combination of cryodynamics with thermodynamics is bound to lead to new insights. In other words, old-grained interpretations can be expected to give rise to a new synthesis. In addition, making a significant link between cryodynamics and cosmology is another fundamental aim of this work.

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Spin Glasses: Old and New Complexity
D. L. Stein and C. M. Newman

Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that exhibit a variety of properties that are characteristic of complex systems. After a brief review of basic spin glass concepts, their use in areas such as computer science, biology, and other fields is explored. This use and its underlying basis will be termed old complexity. Newer concepts and ideas flowing from more recent studies of spin glasses will then be discussed, leading to a proposal for a kind of new complexity.

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Do Evolutionary Algorithm Dynamics Create Complex Network Structures?
Ivan Zelinka, Donald Davendra, Senkerik Roman, and Jasek Roman

This paper presents a novel method for visualizing the dynamics of evolutionary algorithms in the form of complex networks. We discuss the analogy between individuals in populations in an arbitrary evolutionary algorithm and vertices of a complex network, as well as between edges in a complex network and communication between individuals in a population. The possibility of visualizing the dynamics of a complex network using the coupled map lattices method and control by means of chaos control techniques are also discussed.

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Systematic Prediction of Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Data Mining via Molecular Charge-Transfer Algorithms
Jacqueline M. Cole

Graph theoretical algorithms and classification tests are combined with quantum chemical calculations and data mining tools to present successful predictions of high-performance dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The construction of molecular charge-transfer algorithms is described, featuring recursive depth-first, back-tracking, graph traversal algorithms with classification test formalisms. These algorithms are employed to search through a representative set of organic chemical space (120000 chemical molecules) to identify compounds that have the required structural attributes to act as high-performance dyes for DSCs. The first results of these predictions are validated by comparing predicted structural motifs to existing well-known dyes that are currently in use for DSC devices. Three chemical motifs are shown to form the chemical backbone of three popular dyes, thereby validating the predictions. Further work is described that includes the DSC fabrication and testing of the new classes of unknown dyes; this pertains to the ultimate goal of systematically designing new dyes for use in DSC devices.

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Novel Properties Generated by Interacting Computational Systems
Fabio Boschetti and John Symons

After giving definitions for novelty and causality for computational systems, we describe a simple computational system that is able to produce genuine novelty. We explain how novelty can arise in systems of simple interacting components and describe what it would mean for such emergent properties to have causal powers.

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Decomposability of Multivariate Interactions
Naoki Miyagawa, Hiroshi Teramoto, Chun-Biu Li, and Tamiki Komatsuzaki

Systems in nature, composed of many microscopic components, exhibit several distinctive global patterns. Can we understand the emergent patterns in terms of the components? One possible device to address such a question is to scrutinize the "interactions" among these components, from which the global behavior arises. In this paper, we introduce and generalize the information-theoretic quantity called connected information. It provides us with a measure of many-body interactions buried in complex systems. While the original connected information is formulated globally to include all contributions from the microscopic components, we formulate decomposition rules for the connected information to capture local interactions. The implication of our results will also be discussed in relation to the identification of local functional modules in neural systems based on experimental observations.

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Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Acoustic Moment Analysis
Victor J. Law, Feidhlim T. O'Neill, and Denis P. Dowling

Low-order moment around the mean (mean, standard deviation, and skewness) analysis of the time evolution of specific acoustic intensities of an air atmospheric pressure plasma jet is performed as a function of nozzle-to-surface gap (0.5 to 7 cm), drive frequency (19, 22, and 25 kHz), and air flow rate (35.7 to 76.6 l/m). The probability distribution of each time-series dataset exhibits deterministic correlations with contrasting entropy process regions in the afterglow (blown arc process (gap = 0.5 cm and 1740 ±100 K); and gap = 1 to 7 cm and 300 to 400 K)). The results indicate that the heated air is channeled along the surface and has a preferred backscatter angular. In addition, the blown arc process exhibits a skewness of +0.055 and the afterglow has skewness values from -0.05 to -0.4. These results illustrate how acoustic information can be used to differentiate plasma-surface entropy states.